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Called Boat Again Still No Responce

Refugees who fled Vietnam by boat post-obit the stop of the Vietnam War (1975)

Vietnamese boat people awaiting rescue.

Vietnamese boat people (Vietnamese: Thuyền nhân Việt Nam), also known simply equally boat people, refers to the refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and ship following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. This migration and humanitarian crunch was at its highest in 1978 and 1979, only continued through the early on 1990s. The term is also often used generically to refer to the Vietnamese people who left their land in mass exodus between 1975 and 1995 (see Indochina refugee crisis). This article uses the term "boat people" to utilize only to those who fled Vietnam by sea.

The number of boat people leaving Vietnam and arriving safely in some other country totalled almost 800,000 between 1975 and 1995. Many of the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates, over-crowded boats, and storms. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at body of water.[1] The boat people's get-go destinations were the Southeast Asian locations of Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. External tensions stemming from Vietnam'southward dispute with Cambodia and China in 1978 and 1979 acquired an exodus of the majority of the Hoa people from Vietnam, many of whom fled by boat to People's republic of china.[ii] [iii]

The combination of economic sanctions, the legacy of destruction left by the Vietnam State of war, policies of the Vietnamese government, and further conflicts with neighboring countries caused an international humanitarian crunch, with Southeast Asian countries increasingly unwilling to accept more boat people on their shores. After negotiations and an international conference in 1979, Vietnam agreed to limit the menstruum of people leaving the land. The Southeast Asian countries agreed to acknowledge the boat people temporarily, and the rest of the world, especially more developed countries, agreed to assume nearly of the costs of caring for the boat people and to resettle them in their countries.

From refugee camps in Southeast Asia, the great majority of boat people were resettled in more than developed countries. Significant numbers resettled in the United States, Canada, Italia, Australia, French republic, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. Several tens of thousands were repatriated to Vietnam, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Programs and facilities to carry out resettlement included the Orderly Divergence Program, the Philippine Refugee Processing Centre, and the Comprehensive Programme of Action.

History [edit]

Background [edit]

A family unit of Vietnamese refugees rescued by a Usa Navy ship.

Rescued Vietnamese being given water.

East Body of water - crewmen of the amphibious cargo transport USSDurham(LKA-114) take Vietnamese refugees from a modest craft, April 1975

The Vietnam State of war ended on April xxx, 1975, with the fall of Saigon to the People'due south Army of Vietnam and the subsequent evacuation of more than than 130,000 Vietnamese closely associated with the United States or the former government of Southward Vietnam. Nearly of the evacuees were resettled in the United States in Operation New Life and Operation New Arrivals. The U.S regime transported refugees from Vietnam via aircraft and ships to temporarily settle down in Guam earlier moving them to designated homes in the face-to-face United States.[4] Inside the same year, communist forces gained control of Cambodia and Laos, thus engendering a steady flow of refugees fleeing all three countries.[v] In 1975, President Gerald Ford signed the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, budgeting roughly 415 million dollars in the effort of providing transportation, healthcare, and accommodations to the 130,000 Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laos refugees.[6]

Later the Saigon evacuation, the numbers of Vietnamese leaving their country remained relatively small until mid-1978. A number of factors contributed to the refugee crisis, including economical hardship and wars amidst Vietnam, China, and Cambodia. In improver, up to 300,000 people, specially those associated with the former regime and military of South Vietnam, were sent to re-instruction camps, where many endured torture, starvation, and affliction while being forced to perform hard labor.[7] In addition, 1 million people, mostly urban center dwellers, "volunteered" to live in "New Economic Zones" where they were to survive by reclaiming land and immigration jungle to abound crops.[viii]

Repression was especially astringent on the Hoa people, the ethnic Chinese population in Vietnam.[ix] [ten] Due to increasing tensions between Vietnam and China, which ultimately resulted in China'southward 1979 invasion of Vietnam, the Hoa were seen by the Vietnamese government as a security threat.[eleven] Hoa people also controlled much of the retail trade in S Vietnam, and the communist government increasingly levied them with taxes, placed restrictions on trade, and confiscated businesses. In May 1978, the Hoa began to leave Vietnam in large numbers for China, initially by country. Past the end of 1979, resulting from the Sino-Vietnamese War, 250,000 Hoa had sought refuge in Mainland china and many tens of thousands more were among the Vietnamese gunkhole people scattered all over Southeast Asia and in Hong Kong.[12]

The Vietnamese authorities and its officials profited from the outflow of refugees, peculiarly the oftentimes well-to-do Hoa. The cost for obtaining exit permits, documentation, and a gunkhole or ship, ofttimes derelict, to get out Vietnam was reported to be the equivalent of $iii,000 for adults and half that for children. These payments were often fabricated in the course of gold confined. Many poorer Vietnamese left their country secretly without documentation and in flimsy boats, and these were the most vulnerable to pirates and storms while at bounding main.[13]

There were many methods employed by Vietnamese citizens to leave the state. Near were secret and done at night; some involved the bribing of pinnacle government officials.[fourteen] Some people bought places in big boats that held upward to several hundred passengers. Others boarded fishing boats (fishing being a common occupation in Vietnam) and left that way. One method used involved centre-course refugees from Saigon, armed with forged identity documents, traveling approximately i,100 kilometres (680 mi) to Danang by road. On inflow, they would take refuge for up to two days in safe houses while waiting for fishing junks and trawlers to take small-scale groups into international waters.[ commendation needed ] Planning for such a trip took many months and even years. Although these attempts often caused a depletion of resources, people often had false starts before they managed to escape.[14]

Exodus in 1978–1979 [edit]

Although a few chiliad people had fled Vietnam by gunkhole between 1975 and mid-1978, the exodus of the boat people began in September 1978. The vessel Southern Cantankerous unloaded 1,200 Vietnamese on an uninhabited isle belonging to Indonesia. The authorities of Indonesia was furious at the people being dumped on its shores, but was pacified past the assurances of Western countries that they would resettle the refugees. In Oct, some other ship, the Hai Hong, attempted to land 2,500 refugees in Malaysia. The Malaysians declined to allow them to enter their territory and the ship saturday offshore until the refugees were processed for resettlement in 3rd countries. Additional ships carrying thousands of refugees soon arrived in Hong Kong and the Philippines and were also denied permission to land. Their passengers were both ethnic Vietnamese and Hoa who had paid substantial fares for the passage.[xv]

Every bit these larger ships met resistance to landing their human cargo, many thousands of Vietnamese began to depart Vietnam in pocket-size boats, attempting to state surreptitiously on the shores of neighbouring countries. The people in these pocket-sized boats faced enormous dangers at body of water and many thousands of them did non survive the voyage. The countries of the region often "pushed dorsum" the boats when they arrived near their coastline and boat people cast nigh at sea for weeks or months looking for a place where they could country. Despite the dangers and the resistance of the receiving countries, the number of boat people continued to abound, reaching a loftier of 54,000 arrivals in the month of June 1979 with a full of 350,000 in refugee camps in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. At this bespeak, the countries of Southeast Asia united in declaring that they had "reached the limit of their endurance and decided that they would non take any new arrivals".[sixteen]

The United Nations convened an international conference in Geneva, Switzerland in July 1979, stating that "a grave crunch exists in Southeast Asia for hundreds of thousands of refugees". Illustrating the prominence of the issue, Vice President Walter Mondale headed the U.Southward. delegation. The results of the conference were that the Southeast Asian countries agreed to provide temporary asylum to the refugees, Vietnam agreed to promote orderly departures rather than allow boat people to depart, and the Western countries agreed to advance resettlement. The Orderly Deviation Program enabled Vietnamese, if approved, to depart Vietnam for resettlement in another land without having to become a boat person.[17] Every bit a event of the conference, boat people departures from Vietnam declined to a few m per month and resettlements increased from 9,000 per month in early 1979 to 25,000 per month, the majority of the Vietnamese going to the United States, France, Australia,[xviii] and Canada. The worst of the humanitarian crunch was over, although boat people would continue to leave Vietnam for more some other decade and die at ocean or be confined to lengthy stays in refugee camps.[nineteen]

Pirates and other hazards [edit]

Boat people had to face up storms, diseases, starvation, and elude pirates.[1] The boats were not intended for navigating open waters, and would typically head for busy international aircraft lanes some 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the eastward. The lucky ones would succeed in being rescued by freighters[twenty] or attain shore 1–2 weeks after divergence. The unlucky ones continued their perilous journey at sea, sometimes lasting a few months long, suffering from hunger, thirst, affliction, and pirates before finding safety.

A typical story of the hazards faced past the gunkhole people was told in 1982 by a man named Le Phuoc. He left Vietnam with 17 other people in a boat 23 feet (7.0 thou) long to endeavour the 300-mile (480 km) passage across the Gulf of Thailand to southern Thailand or Malaysia. Their two outboard motors soon failed and they drifted without power and ran out of food and h2o. Thai pirates boarded their boat three times during their 17-mean solar day voyage, raped the 4 women on board and killed one, stole all the possessions of the refugees, and abducted ane man who was never found. When their boat sank, they were rescued by a Thai line-fishing gunkhole and ended up in a refugee army camp on the coast of Thailand.[21] Another of many stories tell of a gunkhole carrying 75 refugees which were sunk past pirates with i person surviving.[22] The survivors of another boat in which well-nigh of 21 women aboard were abducted by pirates said that at to the lowest degree 50 merchant vessels passed them past and ignored their pleas for help. An Argentine freighter finally picked them upwards and took them to Thailand.[23]

United nations Loftier Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) began compiling statistics on piracy in 1981. In that year, 452 boats carrying Vietnamese boat people arrived in Thailand carrying 15,479 refugees. 349 of the boats had been attacked by pirates an boilerplate of 3 times each. 228 women had been abducted and 881 people were dead or missing. An international anti-piracy campaign began in June 1982 and reduced the number of pirate attacks although they continued to be frequent and often deadly until 1990.[5]

Estimates of the number of Vietnamese boat people who died at ocean can only be estimated. Co-ordinate to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 gunkhole people died at sea.[one] Other wide-ranging estimates are that 10 to 70 percent of Vietnamese boat people died at bounding main.[24]

Refugee camps [edit]

In response to the outpouring of boat people, the neighbouring countries with international assistance set up refugee camps along their shores and on small, isolated islands. As the number of gunkhole people grew to tens of thousands per month in early 1979, their numbers outstripped the ability of local governments, the United nations, and humanitarian organizations to provide nutrient, water, housing, and medical care to them. Two of the largest refugee camps were Bidong Island in Malaysia and Galang Refugee Army camp in Indonesia.

Bidong Island was designated equally the main refugee army camp in Malaysia in Baronial 1978. The Malaysian government towed whatsoever arriving boatloads of refugees to the island. Less than one foursquare mile (260 ha) in area, Bidong was prepared to receive 4,500 refugees, only past June 1979 Bidong had a refugee population of more than 40,000 who had arrived in 453 boats. The UNHCR and a big number of relief and aid organizations assisted the refugees. Food and drinking water had to be imported by barge. Water was rationed at one gallon per day per person. The food ration was mostly rice and canned meat and vegetables. The refugees constructed crude shelters from boat timbers, plastic sheeting, flattened tin can cans, and palm fronds. Sanitation in the crowded conditions was the greatest problem. The United States and other governments had representatives on the island to interview refugees for resettlement. With the expansion of the numbers to exist resettled after the July 1979 Geneva Conference, the population of Bidong slowly declined. The last refugee left in 1991.[25]

Galang Refugee Camp was too on an isle, but with a much larger surface area than Bidong. More than 170,000 Indochinese, the peachy bulk Gunkhole People, were temporarily resident at Galang while it served as a refugee camp from 1975 until 1996. After they became well-established, Galang and Bidong and other refugee camps provided education, language and cultural preparation to boat people who would be resettled abroad. Refugees usually had to alive in camps for several months—and sometimes years—before being resettled.[26]

In 1980, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center was established on the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines. The heart housed up to xviii,000 Indochinese refugees who were canonical for resettlement in the United States and elsewhere and provided them English language and other cross-cultural training.

1980s surge and response [edit]

Betwixt 1980 and 1986, the outflow of boat people from Vietnam was less than the numbers resettled in tertiary countries. In 1987, the numbers of boat people began to abound once more. The destination this time was primarily Hong Kong and Thailand. On June 15, 1988, after more than 18,000 Vietnamese had arrived that yr, Hong Kong authorities announced that all new arrivals would be placed in detention centres and confined until they could be resettled. Boat people were held in prison-similar conditions and education and other programs were eliminated. Countries in Southeast Asia were equally negative nigh accepting newly arriving Vietnamese gunkhole people into their countries. Moreover, both asylum and resettlement countries were hundred-to-one that many of the newer gunkhole people were fleeing political repression and thus merited refugee status.[27]

Another international refugee conference in Geneva in June 1989 produced the Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA) which had the aim of reducing the migration of boat people by requiring that all new arrivals exist screened to determine if they were 18-carat refugees. Those who failed to qualify as refugees would be repatriated, voluntarily or involuntarily, to Vietnam, a process that would take more than than a decade. The CPA quickly served to reduce gunkhole people migration.[ citation needed ]

In 1989, nearly 70,000 Indochinese boat people arrived in 5 Southeast Asian countries and Hong Kong. By 1992, that number declined to only 41 and the era of the Vietnamese Gunkhole People fleeing their homeland definitively concluded. However, resettlement of Vietnamese continued nether the Orderly Divergence Program, especially of quondam re-educational activity military camp inmates, Amerasian children, and to reunify families.[28]

Resettlement and repatriation [edit]

The boat people comprised only part of the Vietnamese resettled away from 1975 until the end of the twentieth century. A total of more than than 1.6 million Vietnamese were resettled between 1975 and 1997. Of that number more than 700,000 were gunkhole people; the remaining 900,000 were resettled under the Orderly Divergence Programme or in People's republic of china or Malaysia. (For consummate statistics see Indochina refugee crisis).[29]

UNHCR statistics for 1975 to 1997 signal that 839,228 Vietnamese arrived in UNHCR camps in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. They arrived mostly by boat, although 42,918 of the total arrived by state in Thailand. 749,929 were resettled abroad. About 109,322 were repatriated, either voluntarily or involuntarily. The residual caseload of Vietnamese gunkhole people in 1997 was two,288, of whom 2,069 were in Hong Kong. The four countries resettling nearly Vietnamese gunkhole people and land arrivals were the United States with 402,382; France with 120,403; Australia with 108,808; and Canada with 100,012.[30]

Vietnamese refugees resettlement [edit]

Memorial and tribute of Vietnamese refugees in Hamburg

The Orderly Deviation Programme from 1979 until 1994 helped to resettle refugees in the United States and other Western countries. In this program, refugees were asked to go back to Vietnam and wait for assessment. If they were accounted to be eligible to be resettled in the United States (co-ordinate to criteria that the U.s. government had established), they would be allowed to emigrate.

Humanitarian Program for Erstwhile Political Detainees, popularly chosen Humanitarian Operation or HO due to the "H" subgroup designation within the ODP and trailing numbers 01-09 (due east.g., H01-H09, H10, etc.), was set up up to benefit former Due south Vietnamese who were involved in the former authorities or worked for the United States. They were to exist allowed to emigrate to the U.S. if they had suffered persecution past the communist government after 1975. Half-American children in Vietnam, descendants of servicemen, were also allowed to immigrate along with their mothers or foster parents. This program sparked a wave of rich Vietnamese parents buying the immigration rights from the existent mothers or foster parents. They paid coin (in the black marketplace) to transfer the half-American children into their custody, and then practical for visas to emigrate to the Usa.

Almost of these one-half-American children were born of American soldiers and prostitutes. They were subject to bigotry, poverty, neglect, and corruption. On November fifteen, 2005, the United States and Vietnam signed an understanding allowing additional Vietnamese to immigrate who were not able to practice so before the humanitarian program concluded in 1994. Effectively, this new agreement was an extension and terminal chapter of the HO plan.

Hong Kong adopted the "port of first asylum policy" in July 1979 and received over 100,000 Vietnamese at the top of migration in the tardily 1980s. Many refugee camps were set up in its territories. Frequent violent clashes between the boat people and security forces caused public outcry and mounting concerns in the early 1990s since many camps were very shut to high-density residential areas.

Past the late 1980s, Western Europe, the United states of america, and Australia received fewer Vietnamese refugees[ citation needed ]. It became much harder for refugees to get visas to settle in those countries.

As hundreds of thousands of people were escaping out of Vietnam, Lao people's democratic republic, and Cambodia via land or boat, countries of offset inflow in Southeast Asia were faced with the continuing exodus and the increasing reluctance by third countries to maintain resettlement opportunities for every exile. The countries threatened push button-backs of the asylum seekers. In this crunch, the Comprehensive Plan of Activeness For Indochinese Refugees was adopted in June 1989. The cut-off date for refugees was March xiv, 1989. Effective from this solar day, the Indochinese Boat people would no longer automatically exist considered as prima facie refugees, but merely asylum seekers and would have to be screened to authorize for refugee status. Those who were "screened-out" would be sent back to Vietnam and Laos, under an orderly and monitored repatriation programme.

The refugees faced prospects of staying years in the camps and ultimate repatriation to Vietnam. They were branded, rightly or wrongly, as economic refugees. Past the mid-1990s, the number of refugees fleeing from Vietnam had significantly dwindled. Many refugee camps were shut down. Most of the well educated or those with genuine refugee status had already been accepted by receiving countries[ citation needed ].

There appeared to exist some unwritten rules in Western countries. Officials gave preference to married couples, young families, and women over 18 years quondam, leaving single men and minors to endure at the camps for years. Amongst these unwanted, those who worked and studied difficult and involved themselves in constructive refugee community activities were somewhen accustomed by the West past recommendations from UNHCR workers. Hong Kong was open up about its willingness to have the remnants at its camp, but but some refugees took upward the offer. Many refugees would have been accepted by Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, but hardly whatever wanted to settle in these countries.

The market reforms of Vietnam, the imminent handover of Hong Kong to the People's Democracy of Prc by U.k. scheduled for July 1997, and the financial incentives for voluntary render to Vietnam caused many boat people to render to Vietnam during the 1990s. Nigh remaining asylum seekers were voluntarily or forcibly repatriated to Vietnam, although a small number (about ii,500) were granted the right of habitation past the Hong Kong Government in 2002. In 2008, the remaining refugees in the Philippines (around 200) were granted asylum in Canada, Kingdom of norway, and the United States, mark an end to the history of the gunkhole people from Vietnam.

Memorials [edit]

Vietnamese refugees arrive in Hamburg, summer of 1986 on the rescue send Cap Anamur Ii

Bunk beds used by Vietnamese refugees inside the rescue transport Cap Anamur Ii

Greeting Vietnamese refugees from the rescue send Cap Anamur II in 1986

Southward Vietnamese Boat People Memorial, in Brisbane, QLD, dedicated 2 Dec 2012, executed by Phillip Piperides

Some monuments and memorials were erected to commemorate the dangers and the people, who died on the journeying to escape from Vietnam. Among them are:

  1. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1995): "Refugee Mother and Kid" Monument, Preston Street at Somerset[31]
  2. Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland (February 2006).[32]
  3. Metropolis of Santa Ana, California, United states of america (February 2006).[33]
  4. Liège, Belgium (July 2006).[34]
  5. Hamburg, Germany (Oct 2006).[35] [36]
  6. Troisdorf, Germany (May 2007) (tháng 5, 2007)[37] [38]
  7. Footscray (Jensen Park Reserve of Melbourne), Australia (June 2008).[39]
  8. Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine, France (May 11, 2008).[xl] [41]
  9. Westminster, California (April 2009), past ViVi Vo Hung Kiet.[42] [43] [44]
  10. Port Landungsbruecken (Hamburg), Frg (September 2009).[45] [46]
  11. Galang Island, Republic of indonesia (demolished)
  12. Bidong Island, Malaysia
  13. Washington, D.C., The states.
  14. Geneva, Switzerland
  15. Canada: Roundabout "Rond Point Saigon"
  16. Marne-la-Vallée, France: André Malraux intersection avenue and boulevard des Genets of Bussy-Saint-Georges commune (September 12, 2010).,[47] statue past sculptor Vũ Đình Lâm.[48]
  17. Sydney, Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia (November 2011) at Saigon Place.[49] This is the bronze statue, weighing more than three tons by sculptor Terrence Plowright.
  18. Tarempa in Anambas, Indonesia.[l]
  19. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (December 2, 2012) past Phillip Piperides.[51]
  20. Perth, Western Australia, Australia (November one, 2013) in Wade Street Park Reserve. v.five meter loftier monument of sculptor Coral Lowry.[52]
  21. Montreal, Quebec, Canada (November xviii, 2015) by UniAction. Courage & Inspiration is the commemorative and collective artwork of 14'L x4'H highlighting the 40th anniversary of Vietnamese Boat people refugees in Canada. It has been inaugurated and displayed at the Montreal City Hall, hosted past Frantz Benjamin, Metropolis Council President and Thi Be Nguyen, Founder of UniAction, from November 18 to 28, 2015.[53]
  22. Des Moines, Iowa, The states. The Robert D Ray Asian Gardens is a pagoda and garden erected forth the banks of the Des Moines River. Paid for in office by the thousands of Tai Dam refugees living in Iowa, the garden memorializes Governor Ray existence the first elected official in the U.s. to abet for their resettlement.[54]
  23. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (February 2021): "Vietnamese Gunkhole People Monument"[55]

In popular culture [edit]

  • Boat People is a 1982 Hong Kong film based on research on Vietnamese refugees
  • Turtle Beach is a 1992 Australian film well-nigh raising awareness for the plight of the gunkhole people
  • The Beautiful Country is a 2004 film about Vietnamese refugees and their journey to the The states
  • Journey from the Autumn is a 2005 contained film by Ham Tran, about the Vietnamese re-education camp and gunkhole people feel post-obit the Fall of Saigon
  • Ru is a novel by Kim Thúy on the life of a Vietnamese adult female who leaves Saigon as a boat person and eventually immigrates to Quebec
  • Gold (band)- Plus près des étoiles is a French song by Golden that describes the deviation of the boat people from Vietnam.

Encounter also [edit]

  • Afghan refugees
  • Arab Winter and the boat people
  • Bắt đầu từ nay, a Vietnamese radio PSA announcing the policy of Comprehensive Program of Action on Vietnamese boat people
  • Mariel boatlift
  • Mass killings under communist regimes
  • Vietnamese refugees in Israel
  • Wet feet, dry feet policy

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Associated Press, June 23, 1979, San Diego Union, July 20, 1986. See by and large Nghia M. Vo, The Vietnamese Boat People (2006), 1954 and 1975-1992, McFarland.
  2. ^ Chang (1999), p. 227.
  3. ^ Straits Times, 10 July 1989.[ full commendation needed ]
  4. ^ "REWIND: Functioning New Life". YouTube. April 7, 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-11-18.
  5. ^ a b State of the Earth's Refugees, 2000 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, pp. 81-84, 87, 92, 97; accessed viii January 2014
  6. ^ "Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Deed", Wikipedia, 2020-04-25, retrieved 2020-04-29
  7. ^ Sagan, Ginetta; Denney, Stephen (October–November 1982). "Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death". The Indochina Newsletter . Retrieved 2016-09-01 .
  8. ^ Desbarats, J. "Population Redistribution in the Socialist Democracy of Vietnam" Population and Development Review, Vol 13, No i, 1987, pp. 43-76. doi:10.2307/1972120
  9. ^ Butterfield, Fox, "Hanoi Regime Reported Resolved to Oust Nearly All Ethnic Chinese," The New York Times, July 12, 1979.
  10. ^ Kamm, Henry, "Vietnam Goes on Trial in Geneva Over its Refugees," The New York Times, July 22, 1979.
  11. ^ "Special Study on Indochina Refugee Situation -- July 1979", Douglas Thruway Collection, The Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University, http://www.virtual.vietnam.ttu.edu/cgi-bin/starfetch.exe?c3WGk7fZGwC.5GSATuRwDvOhJJrHoi37YUc3lHzCxC5@Dg6Q@i.EMsVl.BwT.mM49B2oJjiYBplFyq.OeCcgrOYQN8lbdw@dsxmaCfsxVMY/2123309004.pdf, accessed 8 January 2014; Far Eastern Economic Review Dec 22, 1978, p. i
  12. ^ Thompson, Larry Clinton Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus Jefferson, NC: MacFarland Publishing Company, 2010, pp. 142-143
  13. ^ "Indochina Refugee State of affairs" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04.
  14. ^ a b "Cultures - Canadian Museum of History". Retrieved half dozen May 2015.
  15. ^ Thompson, pp. 150–152
  16. ^ State of the World's Refugees, 2000 Un High Commissioner for Refugees, pp. 83, 84; accessed viii January 2014
  17. ^ Kumin, Judith. "Orderly Departure from Vietnam: Cold War Anomaly or Humanitarian Innovation?" Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. i (2008), p. 104.
  18. ^ Grant, Bruce (1979), The boat people, Harmondsworth, Penguin, ISBN978-0-14-005531-3
  19. ^ State of the World'due south Refugees, 2000. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. pp. 83, 84; accessed 8 January 2014; Thompson, pp. 164–165.
  20. ^ Chang, Harold (1977-06-26). "Vietnam escape trail paved with golden" (PDF). S Prc Morning Post. p. one.
  21. ^ The states, Congress, Firm, "Piracy in the Gulf of Thailand: A Crunch for the International Community", 97th Congress, 2d Session, GPO, 1978, pp. 15-17
  22. ^ "Thai Pirates Continuing Brutal Attacks of Vietnamese Boat People" The New York Times, xi January 1982. https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/eleven/world/thai-pirates-continuing-brutal-attacks-on-vietnamese-gunkhole-people.html, accessed 12 Jan 2012
  23. ^ UNHCR "The Adventures of Len", Refugees Mag May 1983, pp. 87-92
  24. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (1997), Statistics of Vietnamese Democide, in his Statistics of Democide, Tabular array half-dozen.1B, lines 730, 749-751.
  25. ^ "Bidong Isle" http://www.terengganutourism.com/pulau_bidong.htm, accessed xv January 2014; Thompson, pp 156-160
  26. ^ "Galang Refugee Camp" http://www.unhcr.or.id/en/news-and-views/photo-galleries/29-galang-refugee-campsite, accessed xiv January 2013
  27. ^ Robinson, Westward. Courtland, "The Comprehensive Programme of Action for Indochinese Refugees, 1989-1997: Sharing the Burden and Pass the Cadet" Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2004, p. 320, 323
  28. ^ Robinson, Due west. Courtland Terms of Refuge, London: Zed Books, 1998, p. 193
  29. ^ Robinson, Terms of Refuge Appendix 1 and 2; Far Eastern Economic Review, June 23, 1978, p. twenty
  30. ^ Robinson, Terms of Refuge, Appendix 1 and ii
  31. ^ "So and Now: Artist Trung Pham from Vietnam". Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  32. ^ "Bản Tin Liên Hội Nhân Quyền Việt Nam ở Thụy Sĩ". Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  33. ^ "Error - 404". Retrieved half dozen May 2015.
  34. ^ "Thời Sự". Retrieved half dozen May 2015.
  35. ^ (in German) Study (Gedenkstein der Dankbarkeit) and Images of inauguration ceremony on the site of the Ministry of Interior Germany
  36. ^ Tượng đài Hamburg
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  39. ^ Hulls unveils Vietnamese Boat People Memorial
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  45. ^ "Tường thuật buổi lễ Khánh Thành Tượng Đài Tị Nạn Hamburg". Retrieved 20 June 2019. [ dead link ]
  46. ^ "Ngày tri ân nhân dân Đức". Retrieved twenty June 2019. [ dead link ]
  47. ^ "Tượng đài Bussy". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  48. ^ "Hướng về tương lai với Niềm Mơ Ước của Mẹ" Khánh thành tượng đài thuyền nhân
  49. ^ "Vietluanonline.com". Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  50. ^ "Khắc tên thuyền nhân trên đài tưởng niệm tại Indonesia - Cộng Đồng - Người Việt Online". Retrieved half dozen May 2015.
  51. ^ "Queensland khánh thành tượng đài thuyền nhân - Cộng Đồng - Người Việt Online". Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  52. ^ "Boat people say 'thanks, Australia'". Perth Vocalisation Interactive. November 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  53. ^ International, Radio Canada (7 May 2015). "Commemorating the arrival of Vietnamese refugees". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  54. ^ Public Art Foundation, Greater Des Moines. "Robert D. Ray Asian Gardens". Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  55. ^ "Vietnamese Boat People Monument - Adelaide". world wide web.vbpm.com.au. Archived from the original on 26 Apr 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Chang, Pao-min (1999). "Abuse and Crime in China: Old Issues and New Trends". The Journal of East Asian Affairs. Institute for National Security Strategy. xiii (1): 221–268. JSTOR 23257220.
  • Martin Tsamenyi, The Vietnamese boat people and international law, Nathan: Griffith University, 1981
  • Steve Roberts From Every End of This Earth: 13 Families and the New Lives They Made in America (novel, a.o. on Vietnamese family), 2009.
  • Georges Claude Guilbert Après Hanoï: Les mémoires brouillés d'une princesse vietnamienne (novel, on Vietnamese woman and her boat people family), 2011.
  • Thompson, Larry Clinton, Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, Jefferson, NC: MacFarland Publishing Visitor, 2010.
  • Kim Thúy Ru,2009
  • Zhou, Min and Carl L. Bankston III Growing Upward American: How Vietnamese Children Suit to Life in the United States New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998.ISBN 978-0-87154-995-two.

Further reading [edit]

  • Mary Terrell Cargill and Jade Quang Huynh, Voices of Vietnamese Boat People: Nineteen Narratives of Escape and Survival, 2000, McFarland & Visitor, ISBN 978-0-7864-0785-9.

External links [edit]

  • Through My Eyes Website Regal War Museum - Online Exhibition (images, video and interviews with Vietnam War refugees, including Boat People)
  • The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Boat People No Longer
  • Boat people - a refugee crunch: CBC Archives footage
  • Boat People Southward.O.South
  • Archive of Vietnamese Boatpeople
  • Oral History Interviews with fifteen Canadian Vietnamese Boat People
  • Vietnam's boat people: 25 years of fears, hopes and dreams, CNN
  • Courage & Inspiration: Boat people Documentary by Les Films de fifty'Hydre and UniAction, La Presse
  • Exodus of Refugees Reaches Its Last Stage

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people